Toward high‐efficiency photovoltaics‐assisted electrochemical and photoelectrochemical CO₂ reduction: Strategy and challenge

The realization of a complete techno-economy through significant carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction in the atmosphere has been explored to promote low-carbon economy various ways. CO2 reactions (CO2RRs) can be induced using sustainable energy, including electric and solar systems such as electrochemical (EC) CO2RR photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems. This study summarizes fabrication strategies for non-noble metal, copper-based, metal–organic framework-based catalysts with excellent Faradaic efficiency (FE) target compounds, noble metals low overvoltage. Although EC PEC achieve high energy conversion catalysts, they still require external power lack bias–free operation. Therefore, photovoltaics, which overcome limitations these systems, have introduced. utilization silicon perovskite-based cells photovoltaics-assisted (PV-EC) (PV-PEC) are cost-efficient, III–V semiconductor photoabsorbers achieved solar-to-carbon efficiency. work focuses on PV-EC PV-PEC their components then special cell configurations, tandem stacked structures. Additionally, discusses current issues, conversion, expensive PV, theoretical limits, industrial scale–up, along proposed solutions.